In the autumn of 1887, the southern embankment above Cheng Chow gave way, and no quantity of felt, refuse cotton, or iron pans could hold the Hoang Ho back; fifteen hundred villages drowned beneath its waves before the waters finished their work. The Chinese called it the Curse of China long before that September, and they would call it so long after. The imperial treasury counted its taels. Whether the silver reached the living was, as ever, another matter entirely.